2. Variables and expressions

Review Topics General Information Housekeeping Announcements Questions from last class or reading? Homework Help 2.1: Readiness Assessment Quizzes Quiz Part 1: Individual Readiness Assessment Quiz Part 2: Team Readiness Assessment Quiz Appeals 2.2: Reviewing variables 2.2.1: Storing data in variables 2.2.2: Data types 2.2.3: Assigning values Exercise 2.2: Variable Assignment Tracing 2.3: Math expressions 2.3.1: Numerical types 2.3.2: Constants and Magic Numbers Exercise 2.3a: Declaring constants 2.3.3: Arithmetic Exercise 2.3b: Calculator Basic 2.3.4: Integer division and modulus 2.3.5: Mathematical functions Exercise 2.3c: Calculator Deluxe Challenge activity help (after class Thursday) ^ top General Information Housekeeping Make sure you follow along with this page linked in Canvas Please keep your microphone off unless you are asking a question Please turn on camera if you can (optional) Use chat if you would like to comment or ask questions Announcements See Announcements link in Canvas to keep up with what is going on. Here are a few for review: Must complete Module 0 and 1 assignments or you may be dropped from the course. ZyBook required for course--email me if this is a financial hardship Remember that the exercises from this page are due Sunday at 9:00pm. Grace period--assignments due before 2/5 can completed be until 2/5 at 9:00pm (except Team quizzes) Free Fresh Market schedule: free fresh fruits and vegetables Food & Housing Resources: free food, meals, temporary and permanent housing COVID-19 Resources and Information: Includes loaner-laptop information Campus WiFi Access Homework Help Canvas login Computer Science Resources for Students Computer Technology Center (Aptos): Technical support and tutoring with the following schdeule: Katie Shevlin: Mon 8:30 am - 12:30 pm Wed 12:00 pm - 4:00 pm Fri 12:00 pm - 4:00 pm Sat 9:00 am - 1:00 pm Computer Technology Center (Watsonville): Technical support Tutoring Center: weekly meeting with tutor STEM Center: drop in tutoring NetTutor: in Canvas--tutoring live or via messaging See the Student Support Resources page in Canvas Module 0 for more resource options Help on Challenge Activities for those who are stuck at end of class on Thursday ^ top 2.1: Readiness Assessment Quizzes Reading and participation activities are due before the first class meeting of the week Quizzes assess the comprehension of the reading and participation activities Quiz Part 1: Individual Readiness Assessment Complete this quiz solo to assess your reading comprehension and readiness Must take this quiz before the class meeting to ensure you are ready for the team quiz Quiz is open book and notes but timed Highest score is counted so take the quiz multiple times Quiz Part 2: Team Readiness Assessment (15m) Must attend the class meeting to take this quiz Login to Canvas Will move to breakout rooms with your team Make sure you have the access code for the exam Submit the quiz individually during the first two weeks but work on it as a group Openly discuss what you believe to be the best answers for the questions Decide how to agree on the answers Strive to reach a consensus on quiz answers If no consensus, work it out as you and others in your group see fit Turn in the quiz individually as agreed upon by the group Each group member will receive the same score Return to the main meeting room when finished Quiz Appeals After completing the team quiz, team members may appeal an answer Appeals can be based on two criteria: Question is factually wrong Appeal must included citations to sources of information that document or support an alternative answer. Team may access reference materials during the appeal. Question is confusing based on it's wording Appeal must include an appropriate rewrite of questions or answers that you interpret as ambiguous or confusing. Work with teammates to develop and write any appeals Team has up to 24 hours after the quiz to email appeal to instructor If appeal is granted, only the teams that submitted appeal gets credit ^ top 2.2: Reviewing Variables Recall how a computer is organized with an area of memory Main memory is organized as a long list of memory locations Each location stores one byte and is identified by an address number 1 gigabyte (GB) is about 1 billion bytes In RAM memory terms, 1 GB is 230, 10243 or 1,073,741,824 bytes 2.2.1: Storing data in variables A key part of a computer is memory To store and retrieve data in a program we use a variable A variable is a name for a location in a computer's memory Defining variables Here is an example C++ variable definition: int num1; When we define a variable we tell the computer to set aside space to store data in its memory Notice that a variable definition has two parts: int: the type of data the variable will store, integer values in this case num1: the name of the variable, which we make up while coding Variable names are a sequence of letters, numbers and the underscore ( _ ) However, variable names cannot start with a number and cannot contain spaces ^ top 2.2.2: Data types Like human memory, a computer must encode information before storage As programmers we tell the computer how to encode information using data types A commonly used numerical data type is int, which is shorthand for integer int num1; An int specifies a whole number with no fractions or decimal points If we want to store numbers with a decimal point, we use a floating point type like double double pi; Some Commonly Used Numerical Data Types Type Bytes Use int 4 integers (whole numbers) like -1, 0 and 123 double 8 double-precision floating-point numbers like -1.23 and 3.14159 ^ top 2.2.3: Assigning values After we declare a variable, we may store a value in the variable One way to store values is with an assignment operator, which is the "equals sign" (=) We assign a value to the variable with an assignment statement in this form: variable = expression; Where: variable: the name of the variables expression: the symbols that express the data to store An assignment statement stores the value of expression (right side) in the variable (left side) Switching sides is a common error An expression is a group of operators, numbers and variables that compute a value An assignment statement is like a simple equation where an expression is assigned to a variable Examples: int num1; // variable definition num1 = 45; // assignment int num2 = 12; // definition + assignment int total = num1 + num2; // more complex expression Notice that we may combine variable definition with assignment A common error is to forget to assign a value to a variable!!! Avoid this error by assigning a value whenever declaring a variable Variables by Analogy Variables are like boxes made of computer memory (images source: David Goodger) A computer memory location can hold one value at a time, thus our box can hold only one value We put names on boxes to tell one box from another, like "a": This is like declaring the variable "a" int a; When we first declare a variable the box is empty but has a name Storing values in a variable is like putting values in a box For example, we assign the variable "a" the value 1 a = 1; We put names on a box We put values inside of boxes When we want to see the value inside a box we output it with code like: cout << a << endl; If we change the value of a variable, we are putting a new value in the same box, like: a = 2; Making a new variable and assigning one variable to another makes a copy of the value and puts it into the new box: int b = a; We now have two different boxes that have independent values ^ top Exercise 2.2: Variable Assignment Tracing (25m) Understanding variables and assignment is critical to being able to program but can be confusing at first. Get over this hurdle and programming will be far easier. For this exercise we break into teams. Within the team, work with each other to complete a series of exercises where you step through short fragments of code. This is an important activity to reinforce your understanding of variables. The instructor will step through the first exercise with you. Suggestion: for each exercise, try working through the boxes for the problem on your own and then compare answers with the rest of the team. Correct any errors and then repeat for the remaining problems. Specifications Start a text editor and create a file named variables.txt Open the Variable Assignment Tracing Exercises page. Click the first problem and follow the steps, filling in the boxes to get the final answers. After completing a problem and before continuing to the next, compare your answers with other team members. Discuss and resolve and discrepancies between answers. After verifying your answer, record the problem number and final values of all variables in your variables.txt file. As an example for problem 1: 1. Final value of x is 7. Final value of y is 7. Repeat this process for the remaining exercise problems. After finishing all the exercise problems, answer the Check Understanding questions and record the question number and answer on your paper. As an example for question 10a: 10a. false When finished, please help your team members and then return to the class meeting. ^ top 2.3: Math expressions Many problems can be solved using mathematical formulas and numbers Consider the simple problem of adding up all the coins in a pocket to get the total value in dollars If we know the number of each coin type what would be the formula to calculate the dollar value? int pennies = 8; int nickels = 5; int dimes = 4; int quarters = 3; To implement this formula, we will need to use numbers and arithmetic ^ top 2.3.1: Numerical types Remember that C++ has two general types of numbers: integers and floating-point We identify which type of number we use with the data type Integers An integer number is zero or any positive or negative number without a decimal point Examples of integers include: 0 1 -1 +5 -27 1000 -128 We call plain numbers like these literal integers because they stand for what they look like By comparison, a variable may contain an integer value but is not a literal integer int num1 = 3; Literal numbers are constant and do not change while a program executes The compiler usually stores integers in four (4) bytes of computer memory Floating-Point Value A floating-point number is any signed or unsigned number with a decimal point A floating point number approximates a real number and has a trade-off between range and precision For example: 0.0 1.0 -1.1 +5. -6.3 3234.56 0.33 Note that 0.0, 1.0 and +5. are floating-point numbers, but could be rewritten as integers In C++, both integers and floating-point numbers cannot have any commas or special symbols The compiler usually stores floating-point numbers in eight (8) bytes of computer memory Assigning Initial Values to Variables As programmers we must decide whether or not to initialize variables when declared: // Not initialized when declared and have unknown values int sum; double amount; // Initialized when declared with assigned values int sum = 0; double amount = 42 * 2; Good programming practice: initialize variables when declared ^ top 2.3.2: Constants and Magic Numbers A constant variable (or constant) is a variable that cannot change after being assigned a value Constant variable seems oxymoronic, but is actually quite useful To declare a constant, we use the keyword: const const int MY_CONST = 1; We must assign a value when the constant is declared If we tried to assign a value in a later statement, we get a compile-time error Notice that the name is all uppercase letters with an underscore separator The all uppercase convention identifies the variables as constant This is a common coding convention that professional programmers follow Magic Numbers Imagine that we are hired to modify a payroll program We come across the following section of code: int hours = 45; double pay; pay = hours * 10 + (hours / 40) * (hours - 40) * 10 * 0.5; The numbers are important to the program, but what do they mean? Numbers like these are called "magic numbers" They are magic because their value is unexplained but necessary Often, no one knows what they mean after 3 months, including the author We can often deduce the meaning of numbers after reading the code carefully, which is time consuming A much better coding style is to use named constants rather than literal numbers For example: const double WAGE = 10; const double OVERTIME_BONUS = 0.5; const int HOURS_PER_WEEK = 40; double pay; pay = hours * WAGE + (hours / HOURS_PER_WEEK) * (hours - HOURS_PER_WEEK) * WAGE * OVERTIME_BONUS; Now it is much easier to understand the code and see any problems or limitations Another reason to use named constants is that it is easier to change the code when the number changes In the above example, we can easily change WAGE without making errors in other parts of our code Programming Style: Constant Variables and Magic Numbers Since the meaning of literal ("magic") numbers is hard to remember, we declare constants instead: const int FEET_PER_YARD = 3; const double PI = 3.14159265358979323846; const double WAGE = 7.5; const double OVERTIME_ADDER = 0.5; const int HOURS_PER_WEEK = 40; Note that the name is all uppercase letters with an underscore word-separator This is a common coding convention that you must follow for your constants From widespread use and for practical reasons, -1, 0, 1, and 2 are usually acceptable magic numbers More Information No Magic Numbers: from "How To Document and Organize Your C++ Code" Magic number (programming): about magic numbers in code from Wikipedia Check Yourself A numeric literal that is not assigned to a constant is known as a ________ number. Rather than use a "magic" number, instead always use a named ________. Write the code to declare a constant double named BIG_NUM and assign it a value of 100,000. answer ^ top Exercise 2.3a: Declaring constants (10m) In this exercises we declare constant variables. For this exercise we break into teams. Within the team, work with each other to develop a solution. When the team has finished, Choose one member to show your solution to the class by sharing your screen. The instructor will ask one team to share their solution. Specifications Start Repl.it and copy the following code into the code editor. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Enter your code here return 0; } Declare constant variables and assignment them the following numerical values: The count of the number of people in this meeting (see participants) Michael Jordan's jersey number (23) The price of a new toy ($15.42) The price of a new cell phone ($349.99) The value of Pi (3.14159265359) Compile your code to make sure you added the constants correctly. Write an output statement for each constant followed by a newline. Compile and run your code to make sure you added the code correctly. When you run the program, the output should look like: 42 23 15.42 349.99 3.14159 Once satisfied with your code, copy it into a text editor, save the file as "myconst.cpp", and submit the file to Canvas with the rest of the exercise files for the week. When finished developing your code click here to verify. Code need not look exactly the same. After you have completed your own program, reviewing another is often helpful in learning how to improve your programming skills. Example Completed Program #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { const int PARTICIPANTS = 42; // your number will be different const int JORDAN_JERSEY = 23; const double TOY_COST = 15.42; const double PHONE_COST = 349.0; const double PI = 3.14159265359; // output each constant cout << PARTICIPANTS << endl; cout << JORDAN_JERSEY << endl; cout << TOY_COST << endl; cout << PHONE_COST << endl; cout << PI << endl; return 0; } ^ top 2.3.3: Arithmetic C++ uses the following operators for arithmetic: + for addition - for subtraction * for multiplication / for division % for modulus (remainder after integer division) Modulus is a type of division operation for integer numbers The first four operators should be familiar and we will discuss modulus (%) today Precedence Rules Precedence: what gets done first Arithmetic operators are processed in algebraic order: Parenthesis: ( ) Unary operators: +, - Multiplication, division, modulus: *, /, % Addition, subtraction: +, - Binary operators of same precedence are evaluated from left to right As in algebra, multiplication and division (including modulus) are performed before addition and subtraction To change the order of operation, we use parentheses For example: is written as: a + b / 2 is written as: (a + b) / 2 Notice that we cannot use parenthesis to indicate multiplication, but must explicitly use the '*' operator in C++ Examples of Expressions Algebra Expression C++ Expression 2(10 + 5) 2 * (10 + 5) 1 12.2 + 3 · 7.3 1 / (12.2 + 3 * 7.3) 10 - 7 3.2 + 9 · 1.6 (10 - 7) / (3.3 + 9 * 1.6) 2 · 42 2 * 4 * 4 Programming Style Programming style: add spaces around binary operators 2 + 3, not 2+3 Programming style: no spacing after opening or before closing parenthesis (2 / 3), not ( 2/3 ) Program coins.cpp to Sum Coins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int pennies = 8; int nickels = 5; int dimes = 4; int quarters = 3; double total = pennies * 0.01 + nickels * .05 + dimes * 0.10 + quarters * 0.25; cout << "Total value = " << total << "\n"; return 0; } Check Yourself The five arithmetic operators in C++ are ________. +, -, /, *, % +, -, \, *, % +, -, /, *, ^ +, -, \, *, ^ The first operation performed in the following arithmetic expression is ________. 1 + 2 * 3 / 4 % 5 If we wanted a different ordering of operations in the above example, we add ________ to the expression. ^ top Exercise 2.3b: Calculator Basic (15m) Through the miracles of computer science, we will now convert your $500 computer into a $5 calculator! Along the way, we learn how to work with arithmetic using C++. For this exercise we break into teams. Within the team, work with each other to develop a solution. When the team has finished, Choose one member to show your solution to the class by sharing your screen. The instructor will ask one team to share their solution. Specifications Start Repl.it, update the code in the text editor, and then compile and run the starter program to make sure you typed it correctly. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Type your code here } Within the curly braces of the main() function, declare two double variables named a and b, and assign them a value of 5 and 2 respectively. For instance: double a = 5, b = 2; Add a line of code to display the arithmetic expression (a + b) and then recompile and run the program. cout << "a + b = " << a + b << endl; Notice that the last letter on endl is a lower-case "L", NOT a one. Verify the output of the program looks like this: a + b = 7 If you do not see this output, please type a chat message asking for help. Add three more lines of code like the previous one that computes the expressions: a - b, a * b and a / b. Compile and run your program again and make sure your program now displays the following output: a + b = 7 a - b = 3 a * b = 10 a / b = 2.5 The order of operations matters in C++ just like it does in algebra. Multiplication and division are performed before addition and subtraction. Add the following two statements to your program: cout << "a + b / 2 = " << a + b / 2 << endl; cout << "(a + b) / 2 = " << (a + b) / 2 << endl; Compile and run your program again and compare the output. Your program should now display the following output: a + b = 7 a - b = 3 a * b = 10 a / b = 2.5 a + b / 2 = 6 (a + b) / 2 = 3.5 Note how the output of the two statements is different. You can change the order of operation using parenthesis, just like in algebra. For more information on the order of operations see section: 2.3.3: Arithmetic. As you can see, arithmetic in C++ works much like you would expect. Once satisfied with your code, copy your code into a text editor, save the file as "arithmetic.cpp", and to submit the file to Canvas with the rest of the exercise files for the week. When finished developing your code click here to verify. Code need not look exactly the same. After you have completed your own program, reviewing another is often helpful in learning how to improve your programming skills. Example Completed Program #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double a = 5, b = 2; cout << "a + b = " << a + b << endl; cout << "a - b = " << a - b << endl; cout << "a * b = " << a * b << endl; cout << "a / b = " << a / b << endl; cout << "a + b / 2 = " << a + b / 2 << endl; cout << "(a + b) / 2 = " << (a + b) / 2 << endl; return 0; } ^ top 2.3.4: Integer division and modulus Dividing two integers can produce unexpected results for the unwary In division, if at least one of the numbers is a floating-point number, the result is a floating point number: 7.0 / 2.0 // 3.5 7 / 2.0 // 3.5 7.0 / 2 // 3.5 However, if both numbers are integers, then the result is an integer: 7 / 2 // 3 The decimal remainder is truncated (cut short, discarded, thrown away) To get the integer remainder of division between two integers, we use the modulus operator: % 7 % 2 // 1 (remainder) 7 % 2 returns 1 because 1 is the remainder when 7 is divided by 2: 3 r 1 2 ) 7 -6 1 remainder For a refresher on remainders see: Long Division with Remainders The modulus operator (%) can only be used with integer type operands and has an integer type result C++ allows a negative modulus result from a modulo operation Uses of Modulus and Division We can use modular arithmetic for operations that roll over like clock arithmetic For example, if the time is 9:00 now, in 4 hours it is 1:00 int hours = 9; hours = (9 + 4) % 12; cout << hours << endl; We can extend the same idea to work with weeks, minutes and seconds Modulus is also useful when working with different units like yards, feet and inches For example, 49 inches is 1 yard, 1 foot and 1 inch which is calculated like: int lengthInches = 49; int yards = lengthInches / 36; int remainder = lengthInches % 36; int feet = remainder / 12; int inches = lengthInches % 12; cout << yards << " yards, " << feet << " feet and " << inches << " inches\n"; Another use of the modulus operator is to split the last digit off of an int int num = 123; int lastDigit = num % 10; cout lastDigit << endl; We can get the first digit using integer division int firstDigit = num / 100; The middle digit(s) need a combination of integer division and modulus int secondDigit = num / 10 % 10; Program using Division and Modulus to "Split" Digits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { int num = 1234; cout << num << ": "; int digit1 = num % 10; // rightmost digit int digit2 = num / 10 % 10; int digit3 = num / 100 % 10; int digit4 = num / 1000 % 10; cout << digit1 << " " << digit2 << " " << digit3 << " " << digit4 << endl; return 0; } We can use modulus and integer division to translate integers to different bases as well For example, to convert from decimal to binary we divide by 2 and take the remainder of 2 instead of 10 Program Changing Decimal to Binary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int decimalNum = 6, newNum = 0; //what is 6 in binary? int firstBit = 0, secondBit = 0, thirdBit = 0; firstBit = decimalNum % 2; //rightmost bit newNum = decimalNum / 2; secondBit = newNum % 2; newNum = newNum / 2; thirdBit = newNum % 2; cout << decimalNum << " in binary is " << thirdBit << secondBit << firstBit << endl; return 0; } Check Yourself In division between two integer numbers, the remainder is ________. rounded up rounded off averaged truncated Of the following, the expression that returns an integer value is ________. 22.0 / 7 22 / 7.0 22.0 / 7.0 22 / 7 To compute the integer remainder we use the operator ________ . What is the result of the following arithmetic operations? 9 / 4   (answer) 17 / 3 (answer) 14 / 2 (answer) 9 % 4   (answer) 17 % 3 (answer) 14 % 2 (answer) ^ top Source: Wikipedia 2.3.5: Mathematical functions Operators provide only the simplest mathematical operations For more complex operations, we use mathematical functions A C++ function is like a mathematical function that takes an argument ("input") and returns or produces a value ("output") To make use of mathematical functions we need to store or display the returned value For example: cout << sqrt(9.0) << endl; In the above example, the input is 9.0 and the sqrt() function returns the square root of the argument C++ has a standard library named cmath that contains many such functions #include <cmath> Some of the functions are listed below Note that the pow() function needs a floating-point type like double as the first argument Some Commonly Used Math Functions Name Description Example Result abs absolute value abs(-3.9) abs(3.9) 3.9 3.9 exp exponent of e (ex) exp(1.0) 2.71828 pow powers (xy) pow(2.0, 3) 8 sqrt square root sqrt(4.0) 2 sin sine sin(0.0) 0 cos cosine cos(0.0) 1 Some Commonly Used Nearest Integer Functions Name Description Example Result ceil ceiling: round up ceil(3.456) ceil(3.543) 4 4 floor floor: round down floor(3.456) floor(3.543) 3 3 round rounding: round off round(3.456) round(3.543) 3 4 Nearest Integer Functions return floating point numbers that are the closest to an integer value Using Mathematical Functions How are mathematical functions evaluated? Whatever is within the parenthesis of the function call is evaluated first Thus, in the following example, we get the square root of 9.0 cout << sqrt(3.0 * 3) << endl; If the function is used in an arithmetic expression, the expression uses the returned value For example, in the following, the value 4.0 is stored in the double variable num: double num = 1 + sqrt(3.0 * 3); cout << num << endl; Note that the function evaluates the sqrt(3.0 * 3) before adding it to 1.0 Thus functions have a higher precedence than arithmetic operators Check Yourself C++ mathematical functions take an ________ and return a value. The name of the library that contains many common mathematical functions is ________ Enter an expression to calculate the square root of the number 49. answer To round up a number, call the mathematical function ________. Use a ________ to save the value returned from a mathematical function. ^ top Exercise 2.3c: Calculator Deluxe (10m) In this exercise we use integer division, modulus, and mathematical functions to create a deluxe calculator. For this exercise we break into teams. Within the team, work with each other to develop a solution. When the team has finished, Choose one member to show your solution to the class by sharing your screen. The instructor will ask one team to share their solution. Specifications In Repl.it, start with your arithmetic.cpp code from the last Exercise. Integer Division: Modify your arithmetic.cpp code from the last exercise by changing the data type of the two variables from double to int, like this: int a = 5, b = 2; Compile and run your program again and compare the output. Note how the result of the division operation changed. What happened to the decimal part of the result? In programming terms, we say that the decimal part is truncated (cut short). We have to watch out for this in C++ programming or we may get unexpected results in our calculations. Modulus (%) operator: Sometimes we want the integer remainder from an integer division. To see the integer remainder, we use the modulus (%) operator. Add the following statements after the other cout statements: cout << "a % b = " << a % b << endl; cout << "a / b % b = " << a / b % b << endl; cout << "a / (b * b) = " << a / (b * b) << endl; Compile and run your program again with this added statement. Your program should now display the following output: a + b = 7 a - b = 3 a * b = 10 a / b = 2 a + b / 2 = 6 (a + b) / 2 = 3 a % b = 1 a / b % b = 0 a / (b * b) = 1 Mathematical functions: More complex mathematical operations require the use of a function in C++. One such function is sqrt(number) which calculates the square root of the number inside the parenthesis. Add the following statement to your program: cout << "sqrt(a + b) = " << sqrt(a + b) << endl; Your program will not compile with this new statement because you must include a library of the mathematical functions. Add the statement: #include <cmath> to the top of your program like this: #include <iostream> #include <cmath> // math function library using namespace std; Compile and run your program again with this added statement. Your program should now compile and display the following output when run: a + b = 7 a - b = 3 a * b = 10 a / b = 2 a + b / 2 = 6 (a + b) / 2 = 3 a % b = 1 a / b % b = 0 a / (b * b) = 1 sqrt(a + b) = 2.64575 Once satisfied with your code, copy your code into a text editor, save the file as "calculator.cpp", and to submit the file to Canvas with the rest of the exercise files for the week. When finished developing your code click here to verify. Code need not look exactly the same. After you have completed your own program, reviewing another is often helpful in learning how to improve your programming skills. Example Completed Program #include <iostream> #include <cmath> // math function library using namespace std; int main() { int a = 5, b = 2; cout << "a + b = " << a + b << endl; cout << "a - b = " << a - b << endl; cout << "a * b = " << a * b << endl; cout << "a / b = " << a / b << endl; cout << "a + b / 2 = " << a + b / 2 << endl; cout << "(a + b) / 2 = " << (a + b) / 2 << endl; cout << "a % b = " << a % b << endl; cout << "a / b % b = " << a / b % b << endl; cout << "a / (b * b) = " << a / (b * b) << endl; cout << "sqrt(a + b) = " << sqrt(a + b) << endl; return 0; } ^ top Canvas | Schedule | HowTo's | Links Last Updated: April 14 2021 @18:27:26